nginx安装、nginx前端配置、后端配置、前后端分离配置、https支持（ssl配置）、负载均衡配置、nginx location详解
nginx配置
一、nginx安装二、nginx配置仅前端配置仅后端配置前后分离配置(1)前后分离配置(2)前后不分离配置https/ssl配置负载均衡配置数据压缩配置端口转发配置
三、完整nginx.conf文件四、可能遇到的问题页面请求403
五、location详解location中root和aliaslocation中root文件夹映射location中alias文件夹映射
路径映射前缀含义优先级
location中的proxy_pass
一、nginx安装
见博客
二、nginx配置
仅前端配置
server {
listen 80;
# 多个域名用空格隔开
server_name www.venny.cn one.venny.cn;
root /web/html;
location / {
index index.html Home.html;
try_files $uri $uri/ /index.html;
}
}
仅后端配置
server {
listen 80;
# 多个域名用空格隔开
server_name 域名; # 示例： server_name www.venny.cn
root /web/前端页面路径，仅后端时可以不配置;
location / {
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header REMOTE-HOST $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8013;
}
}
前后分离配置(1)
server {
listen 80;
server_name 域名; #例如:map.venny.cn;
location / {
proxy_set_header Host $host;
root /web/front;
index /index.html;
try_files $uri $uri/ /index.html;
}
location /api/ {
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header REMOTE-HOST $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
add_header Access-Control-Allow-Methods *;
add_header Access-Control-Allow-Origin $http_origin;
proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8010/;
}
}
前后分离配置(2)
server {
listen 80;
# 多个域名用空格隔开
server_name 域名; #例如:map.venny.cn
location / {
proxy_set_header Host $host;
root /web/front/;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header REMOTE-HOST $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
try_files $uri $uri/ /index.html;
index /index.html;
}
location /api/ {
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header REMOTE-HOST $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
add_header Access-Control-Allow-Methods *;
add_header Access-Control-Allow-Origin $http_origin;
proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8010/;
}
}
(1)和（2）的区别是：（1）配置路由跳转的时候url带有‘#’号，（2）则不带
前后不分离配置
server {
listen 22110;
# server_name 可配置为IP或域名
server_name localhost xxx.venny.cn;
client_max_body_size 200m;
location / {
root /usr/share/nginx/html;
index index.html;
proxy_set_header Upgrade $http_upgrade;
proxy_set_header Connection "upgrade";
# 可选配置,有请求转发需求时配置
#proxy_redirect http://源IP:源端口/ http://目标IP:目标端口/;
# 示例:
#proxy_redirect http://127.0.0.1:80/ http://127.0.0.1:8080/
proxy_set_header Host $host:$proxy_port;
#proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header REMOTE-HOST $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
proxy_pass http://localhost:8080/;
}
}
https/ssl配置
首先下载证书文件，并上传到/usr/local/nginx/conf（nginx不是默认安装的上传到nginx配置文件）下 配置中写相对路径是nginx.conf所在文件的同级（也就是/usr/local/nginx/conf），可以新建文件夹(例cert)来专门保存ssl证书 这里就配置一个域名，所以就不建文件夹了修改要解析域名部分的配置(1),将http请求统一重定向到https
server {
listen 80;
server_name www.venny.cn;
rewrite ^(.*)$ https://$host$1; #将所有HTTP请求通过rewrite指令重定向到HTTPS。
}
server {
#SSL 访问端口号为 443
listen 443 ssl;
#填写绑定证书的域名
server_name www.venny.cn;
#证书文件名称,后缀crt、pem都可以。如果有建立文件夹，则使用相对路径，例：cert/1_www.venny.cn_bundle.crt
ssl_certificate 1_www.venny.cn_bundle.crt;
#私钥文件名称.如果有建立文件夹，则使用相对路径，例：cert/2_www.venny.cn_bundle.key
ssl_certificate_key 2_www.venny.cn.key;
ssl_session_timeout 5m;
#请按照以下协议配置,最新可支持TLSv1.3,老版不支持则删除
ssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2 TLSv1.3;
#请按照以下套件配置，配置加密套件，写法遵循 openssl 标准。
ssl_ciphers ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5:!RC4:!DHE;
ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
location / {
proxy_set_header Host $host;
root /app/html/;
index /index.html;
try_files $uri $uri/ /index.html;
}
location /api/ {
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header REMOTE-HOST $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
add_header Access-Control-Allow-Methods *;
add_header Access-Control-Allow-Origin $http_origin;
proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8080/;
}
}
修改要解析域名部分的配置(2)，分别配置80端口和443端口
server {
listen 80;
server_name www.venny.cn;
location / {
try_files $uri $uri/ /index.html;
root /app/html/;
index index.html;
}
location /api {
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header REMOTE-HOST $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
add_header 'Access-Control-Allow-Origin' '*';
add_header 'Access-Control-Allow-Methods' 'GET, POST, OPTIONS';
add_header 'Access-Control-Allow-Headers' 'DNT,X-CustomHeader,Keep-Alive,User-Agent,X-Requested-With,If-Modified-Since,Cache-Control,Content-Type';
proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8080;
}
}
server {
listen 443 ssl;
server_name www.venny.cn;
root html;
index index.html index.htm;
ssl_certificate 1_www.venny.cn.pem;
ssl_certificate_key 2_www.venny.cn.key;
ssl_session_timeout 5m;
ssl_ciphers ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE:ECDH:AES:HIGH:!NULL:!aNULL:!MD5:!ADH:!RC4;
ssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2;
ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
location / {
try_files $uri $uri/ /index.html;
root /app/html/;
index index.html;
}
location /api {
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header REMOTE-HOST $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
add_header 'Access-Control-Allow-Origin' '*';
add_header 'Access-Control-Allow-Methods' 'GET, POST, OPTIONS';
add_header 'Access-Control-Allow-Headers' 'DNT,X-CustomHeader,Keep-Alive,User-Agent,X-Requested-With,If-Modified-Since,Cache-Control,Content-Type';
proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8080;
}
}
如果报错 nginx: [emerg] the "ssl" parameter requires ngx_http_ssl_module in /etc/nginx/xx.conf:9 nginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test failed解决办法：1.进入nginx安装包的解压目录2.执行./configure --with-http_stub_status_module --with-http_ssl_module3.执行make4.备份源nginx文件cp /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx.bak5.停止当前运行的nginx nginx -s stop,如果无法停止，则执行pkill -9 nginx6.复制刚刚编译的文件cp ./objs/nginx /usr/local/nginx/sbin/,根据提示输入y7.重启nginx nginx
负载均衡配置
新建文件夹(用来存放nginx自定义配置文件) mkdir -p /etc/nginx/conf.d 在nginx的配置文件(默认/usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf)中加入include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;在/etc/nginx/conf.d/下新建stream.conf文件，并输入以下内容
upstream upstream-app {
# 默认按照轮询的方式负载，配置权重后，根据权重来负载，例如weight=2;还可以配置iphash的方式，即同一个IP每次路由到同一台上
# hash $remote_addr consistent;
server 127.0.0.1:8081 weight=10;
server 127.0.0.1:8082 weight=10;
}
同样新建 my-upstream.conf文件，配置转发规则（注意和前面前后端分离、或后端配置不一样）
server {
listen 80;
server_name 域名，例如:baidu.com;
location / {
proxy_set_header Host $host;
root /web/front;
index /index.html;
try_files $uri $uri/ /index.html;
}
location /api/ {
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header REMOTE-HOST $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
add_header Access-Control-Allow-Methods *;
add_header Access-Control-Allow-Origin $http_origin;
proxy_pass http://upstream-app/;
}
}
数据压缩配置
编辑/usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf文件
# 打开gzip压缩
gzip on;
# 超过1k进行压缩
gzip_min_length 1k;
# 压缩等级1-9的正整数，1最低，压缩时间短，9最高，压缩时间长，吃cpu，但是压缩效果好,根据业务合理配置
gzip_comp_level 3;
# 进行压缩的文件类型。
gzip_types text/plain application/javascript application/x-javascript text/css application/xml application/json text/javascript application/x-httpd-php image/jpeg image/gif image/png image/jpg;
# 是否在http header中添加Vary: Accept-Encoding，建议开启
gzip_vary on;
域名解析未生效访问时，显示nginx欢迎页，修改nginx.conf文件
# listen 80;
# server_name localhost;
listen 80 default_server;
listen [::]:80 default_server;
server_name _;
域名不存在时返回’无法访问’修改nginx.conf文件
location / {
# root html;
# index index.html index.htm;
deny all;
}
屏蔽nginx版本号(解决低危安全漏洞)
# server_tokens作用域是http server location语句块。
# server_tokens默认值是on，表示显示版本信息，设置server_tokens值是off，就可以在所有地方隐藏nginx的版本信息。
server_tokens off;
端口转发配置
注意:1.nginx编译时必须添加–with-stream。2.此配置不是在http{}里面，而是在stream{}下，如果nginx版本较低，可以在http{}后面增加stream{}.如果nginx -t报错，则将stream{}放在http{}前面.完整stream如下。
stream {
upstream proxy_1883 {
server 172.16.7.102:21883;
}
server {
listen 1883 ; # 监听端口
proxy_pass proxy_1883; # 转发请求
}
server {
listen 23306; # 监听端口
proxy_pass 172.16.7.102:3306; # 转发请求
}
}
# 注意如果报错，则调换http、stream位置
http {
# 省略
}
三、完整nginx.conf文件
#user nobody;
worker_processes 1;
#error_log logs/error.log;
#error_log logs/error.log notice;
#error_log logs/error.log info;
#pid logs/nginx.pid;
events {
use epoll;
worker_connections 51200;
}
http {
include mime.types;
default_type application/octet-stream;
#log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
# '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
# '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';
#access_log logs/access.log main;
# 限流配置
limit_conn_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=conn_zone:1m;
limit_req_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=req_zone:1m rate=1r/s;
sendfile on;
#tcp_nopush on;
#keepalive_timeout 0;
keepalive_timeout 65;
# 屏蔽nginx版本号
server_tokens off;
gzip on;
gzip_min_length 1k;
gzip_comp_level 3;
# 进行压缩的文件类型。
gzip_types text/plain application/javascript application/x-javascript text/css application/xml application/json text/javascript application/x-httpd-php image/jpeg image/gif image/png;
# 是否在http header中添加Vary: Accept-Encoding，建议开启
gzip_vary on;
include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;
server {
listen 80;
server_name localhost;
#charset koi8-r;
#access_log logs/host.access.log main;
location / {
root html;
index index.html index.htm;
}
#error_page 404 /404.html;
# redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
#
error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
location = /50x.html {
root html;
}
# proxy the PHP scripts to Apache listening on 127.0.0.1:80
#
#location ~ \.php$ {
# proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1;
#}
# pass the PHP scripts to FastCGI server listening on 127.0.0.1:9000
#
#location ~ \.php$ {
# root html;
# fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
# fastcgi_index index.php;
# fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME /scripts$fastcgi_script_name;
# include fastcgi_params;
#}
# deny access to .htaccess files, if Apache's document root
# concurs with nginx's one
#
#location ~ /\.ht {
# deny all;
#}
}
# another virtual host using mix of IP-, name-, and port-based configuration
#
#server {
# listen 8000;
# listen somename:8080;
# server_name somename alias another.alias;
# location / {
# root html;
# index index.html index.htm;
# }
#}
# HTTPS server
#
#server {
# listen 443 ssl;
# server_name localhost;
# ssl_certificate cert.pem;
# ssl_certificate_key cert.key;
# ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:1m;
# ssl_session_timeout 5m;
# ssl_ciphers HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5;
# ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
# location / {
# root html;
# index index.html index.htm;
# }
#}
stream {
upstream proxy_1883 {
server 172.16.7.102:21883;
}
server {
listen 1883 ; # 监听端口
proxy_pass proxy_1883; # 转发请求
}
server {
listen 23306; # 监听端口
proxy_pass 172.16.7.102:3306; # 转发请求
}
}
}
四、可能遇到的问题
页面请求403
可能原因是权限不够，可以修改nginx.conf文件,将第一行配置打开，修改如下
user root;
五、location详解
location中root和alias
location中root文件夹映射
root 后面跟的参数表示相对路径，示例：
location /ui/ {
proxy_set_header Host $host;
# 表示http://xxx:xx/ui/请求映射到主机/web/front/ui/文件夹
root /web/front/;
index /index.html;
}
适用于相同文件、文件夹的映射，如果请求路径和实际的文件夹不一致则使用alias代替
location中alias文件夹映射
alias指定的是绝对路径，相当于文件夹直接映射，示例：
location /resource/ {
proxy_set_header Host $host;
# 表示http://xxx:xx/resource/请求映射到主机/html/source/文件夹
alias /html/source/;
}
个人理解：root、alias的区别在于，alias可以将请求的URL路径映射到任何地方，而root则是指定nginx服务器的根目录。alias映射不带有路径,root则带有 如果文件夹映射，则root、alias后参数需要以‘/’ 结尾
路径映射
前缀含义
= 开头表示精确匹配。如 A 中只匹配根目录结尾的请求，后面不能带任何字符串^~ 开头表示uri以某个常规字符串开头，不是正则匹配~ 开头表示区分大小写的正则匹配* 开头表示不区分大小写的正则匹配/ 通用匹配, 如果没有其它匹配,任何请求都会匹配到。
优先级
( location = ) > ( location 完整路径 ) > ( location ^~ 路径 ) > ( location ,* 正则顺序 ) > ( location 部分起始路径 ) > ( / )
location中的proxy_pass
在nginx中配置proxy_pass代理转发时，如果在proxy_pass后面的url加/，表示绝对根路径；如果没有/，表示相对路径，把匹配的路径部分也带上。例如：
第一种：代理到URL：http://127.0.0.1:8080/test.html
location /api/ {
proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8080/;
}
第二种（相对于第一种，最后少一个 / ）
代理到URL：http://127.0.0.1:8080/api/test.html
location /api/ {
proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8080;
}
第三种：代理到URL：http://127.0.0.1:8080/aaa/test.html
location /api/ {
proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8080/aaa/;
}
第四种（相对于第三种，最后少一个 / ）
代理到URL：http://127.0.0.1:8080/aaatest.html
location /api/ {
proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8080/aaa;
}